Five species are new records for the state of Pará, and nine out of the 151 species recorded occur only outside protected areas. In total, we recorded 151 species of 60 genera and 24 families. We present here species checklists for those areas. Only four out of the seven protected areas in the Lower Tapajós Basin had records of ferns and lycophytes. We found that more than 92% of the area is unsampled and that collecting effort is highly biased towards areas along access routes, such as roads and navigable rivers. We made a comparison of species composition among the study areas and sixteen other areas in the Brazilian Amazon using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and tested whether floristic similarity was correlated with geographic distance. We then examined the relationship between sampling effort and documented species richness and tested for collection bias towards access routes (navigable rivers and roads). We built a database based on herbarium specimens that were taxonomically verified and georeferenced. In this study, we analyzed collection gaps, sampling biases, richness distribution, and the species conservation effectiveness of protected areas in the Lower Tapajós River Basin using ferns and lycophytes as a model group.
Ferns and lycophytes are an excellent group for conservation and species distribution studies because they are closely related to environmental changes.
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